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branch -- Restrict a Schur, Sp, or O character along a two-factor subgroup

Description

Implements the classical branching rules of R.\ C.\ King, Branching rules for classical Lie groups using tensor and spinor methods, J.\ Phys.\ A 8 (1975), 429–449. For any partition $\lambda$ and a two-factor restriction of the classical group, the character decomposes by a universal formula expressed via the triple Littlewood–Richardson coefficient $c^\lambda_{\alpha,\beta,\gamma}$ (the coefficient of $s_\lambda$ in $s_\alpha s_\beta s_\gamma$).

$\bullet$ GL: $s_\lambda \mid_{GL(m)\times GL(n)} = \sum c^\lambda_{\mu,\nu}\, s_\mu \otimes s_\nu$ (the coproduct of Schur functions).

$\bullet$ Sp: $sp_\lambda \mid_{Sp(2m)\times Sp(2n)} = \sum_{\delta\text{ cols-even}} c^\lambda_{\delta,\mu,\nu}\, sp_\mu \otimes sp_\nu$, the sum running over partitions $\delta$ whose conjugate has all parts even (equivalently, the parts of $\delta$ appear with even multiplicity).

$\bullet$ O: $o_\lambda \mid_{O(a)\times O(b)} = \sum_{\delta\text{ rows-even}} c^\lambda_{\delta,\mu,\nu}\, o_\mu \otimes o_\nu$, where $\delta$ ranges over partitions with all parts even.

For finite-rank factors the output partitions are collapsed via the Sam–Snowden–Weyman modification rules, so any $(\mu,\nu)$ that is killed or re-signed by the rule is handled automatically.

i1 : S = schurRing(QQ, s, infinity);
i2 : A = schurRing(QQ, a, infinity);
i3 : B = schurRing(QQ, b, infinity);
i4 : pairs branch(S_{2,1}, A, B)

o4 = {(({1}, {1, 1}), 1), (({1}, {2}), 1), (({2}, {1}), 1), (({1, 1}, {1}),
     ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1), (({2, 1}, {}), 1), (({}, {2, 1}), 1)}

o4 : List

A slightly larger GL example: the restriction of $s_{3,2}$ along $GL(\cdot) \times GL(\cdot)$ produces the full coproduct of the Schur function, one term per ordered pair $(\mu,\nu)$ with $c^{(3,2)}_{\mu,\nu}$ nonzero:

i5 : pairs branch(S_{3,2}, A, B)

o5 = {(({2, 1}, {1, 1}), 1), (({3, 1}, {1}), 1), (({1, 1}, {2, 1}), 1), (({},
     ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     {3, 2}), 1), (({1}, {3, 1}), 1), (({3, 2}, {}), 1), (({2}, {2, 1}), 1),
     ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     (({2}, {3}), 1), (({2, 2}, {1}), 1), (({2, 1}, {2}), 1), (({3}, {2}),
     ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1), (({1}, {2, 2}), 1)}

o5 : List

The Sp branching picks up an extra (mu, nu) = ({}, {}) term for $sp_{1,1}$ via $\delta = (1,1)$:

i6 : Sp  = schurRing(QQ, sp,  infinity, GroupActing => "Sp");
i7 : Asp = schurRing(QQ, asp, infinity, GroupActing => "Sp");
i8 : Bsp = schurRing(QQ, bsp, infinity, GroupActing => "Sp");
i9 : pairs branch(Sp_{1,1}, Asp, Bsp)

o9 = {(({}, {}), 1), (({1, 1}, {}), 1), (({}, {1, 1}), 1), (({1}, {1}), 1)}

o9 : List

For $sp_{2,1}$ the Sp branching sum runs over the two columns-even deltas $\delta = ()$ and $\delta = (1,1)$; the latter gives the correction terms supported on partitions of total weight one:

i10 : pairs branch(Sp_{2,1}, Asp, Bsp)

o10 = {(({1, 1}, {1}), 1), (({1}, {1, 1}), 1), (({1}, {}), 1), (({}, {1}),
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------
      1), (({2, 1}, {}), 1), (({2}, {1}), 1), (({}, {2, 1}), 1), (({1}, {2}),
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------
      1)}

o10 : List

On the orthogonal side, the branching of $o_{2,1}$ runs over rows-even deltas $\delta = ()$ and $\delta = (2)$, contributing correction terms of total weight one:

i11 : O  = schurRing(QQ, oGp, infinity, GroupActing => "O");
i12 : AO = schurRing(QQ, aO,  infinity, GroupActing => "O");
i13 : BO = schurRing(QQ, bO,  infinity, GroupActing => "O");
i14 : pairs branch(oGp_{2,1}, AO, BO)

o14 = {(({1, 1}, {1}), 1), (({1}, {1, 1}), 1), (({1}, {}), 1), (({}, {1}),
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------
      1), (({2, 1}, {}), 1), (({2}, {1}), 1), (({}, {2, 1}), 1), (({1}, {2}),
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------
      1)}

o14 : List

The ZZ, ZZ form is a convenience that builds anonymous factor rings of the requested ranks (with the same GroupActing and, for O, the same OddOrEven).

i15 : Sp4 = schurRing(QQ, sp4, 2, GroupActing => "Sp");
i16 : pairs branch(Sp4_{2,1}, 1, 1)

o16 = {(({1}, {}), 1), (({}, {1}), 1), (({2}, {1}), 1), (({1}, {2}), 1)}

o16 : List

The (m,n) shortcut agrees with the result of spelling out anonymous factor rings. For the GL branching of $s_{3,2}$ along $GL(2)\times GL(2)$:

i17 : pairs branch(S_{3,2}, 2, 2)

o17 = {(({2, 1}, {1, 1}), 1), (({3, 1}, {1}), 1), (({1, 1}, {2, 1}), 1),
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------
      (({}, {3, 2}), 1), (({1}, {3, 1}), 1), (({3, 2}, {}), 1), (({2}, {2,
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------
      1}), 1), (({2}, {3}), 1), (({2, 2}, {1}), 1), (({2, 1}, {2}), 1),
      -----------------------------------------------------------------------
      (({3}, {2}), 1), (({1}, {2, 2}), 1)}

o17 : List

See also

Ways to use branch:

  • branch(RingElement,SchurRing,SchurRing)
  • branch(RingElement,ZZ,ZZ)

For the programmer

The object branch is a method function.


The source of this document is in /build/reproducible-path/macaulay2-1.26.05+ds/M2/Macaulay2/packages/SchurRings.m2:8542:0.